Multiplying a vector by a scalar is also done component by component so that
each component of the vector gets multiplied by the scalar.  So if we have
the vector  ![]() then
  then
  
 
Notice that
 ![]() 
 
In general, if  ![]() is a scalar and
  is a scalar and  ![]() is a vector, then
  is a vector, then 
 ![]() .
 .